Implementación de barreras físicas para el control de roedores en residencias familiares periféricas a centros de abastecimiento de alimentos / Implementation of physical barriers to control rodents in peripheral family residences to food supply centers

Las especies Rattus norvegicus y R. rattus son originarias de Asia y hasta la fecha están presentes en todo el globo junto a los humanos. Estos roedores han introducido microorganismos patógenos como p.ej. Yersinia pestis, Bartonella y hantavirus en muchas áreas geográficas nuevas. Además, las ratas han adquirido nuevos macroparásitos fuera de sus áreas de distribución nativas y actúan como transmisores eficientes de patógenos entre la vida silvestre, animales domésticos, vectores y humanos. Por otro lado, los roedores dañan y contaminan mucha más comida de la que consumen. Cuando roen, dañan las instalaciones de embalaje y almacenamiento utilizadas para almacenar y transportar la comida. Los roedores contaminan los alimentos principalmente a través de sus excrementos, pelo y orina. Especies de ratas comensales como R. rattus y R. norvegicus producen alrededor de 40 excrementos al día cada uno. Si uno solo de estos excremementos se encuentra en su camino hacia los alimentos destinados a humanos existe la posibilidad de que los alimentos serán rechazados por inadecuados y su valor se reducirá significativamente. La finalidad de este trabajo, es disponer de barreras físicas con el fin de controlar la permanencia de roedores en residencias familiares periféricas alrededor de conglomerados de abastecimiento de alimentos en la ciudad de Huancayo, Perú. Los resultados mostrados en esta investigación, diagnosticaron una alta infestación de roedores en área circuncidantes del mercado de la ciudad de Huanuco de acuerdo a las zonas urbanizadas. El 100% de las residencias que se acogieron a los métodos de barrera física para el control de roedores, mostró un mayor impacto en algunas zonificadas que en otras. Este impacto se asoció significativamente con la implementación de barreras físicas(AU)

Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus are native to Asia and to date are present all over the globe alongside humans. These rodents have introduced pathogenic microorganisms such as Yersinia pestis, Bartonella and hantaviruses into many new geographical areas. In addition, rats have acquired new macroparasites outside their native ranges and act as efficient transmitters of pathogens between wildlife, domestic animals, vectors, and humans. On the other hand, rodents damage and contaminate much more food than they consume. When they gnaw, they damage packaging and storage facilities used to store and transport food. Rodents contaminate food mainly through their droppings, hair, and urine. Commensal rat species such as R. rattus and R. norvegicus each produce around 40 droppings per day. If even one of these droppings finds its way into food intended for humans, there is a chance that the food will be rejected as unsuitable and its value will be significantly reduced. The purpose of this work is to have physical barriers in order to control the permanence of rodents in peripheral family residences around food supply conglomerates in the city of Huancayo, Peru. The results shown in this investigation, diagnosed a high infestation of rodents in the area surrounding the market of the city of Huanuco according to the urbanized areas. 100% of the residences that used physical barrier methods to control rodents showed a greater impact in some zoned areas than in others. This impact was significantly associated with the implementation of physical barriers(AU)

Distribution of commensal rodents insome shops of three districts in Malakand region, Pakistan / Distribuição de roedores comensais em algumas lojas de três distritos na região de Malakand, Paquistão

Using wire mesh live traps distribution pattern of the Rattus rattus and Mus musculus in different shops of three districts of Malakand region, Pakistan were recorded from September 2014 to October 2015. Over all 103 rodents (Rattus rattus 86 and Mus musculus 17) were caught during in 0.04 trap success (2448 trap nights). Regression of daily captures on cumulative captures revealed an estimate of 103 rodents from all the sampled structures with an average of 3.55 rodents per shop. R. rattus; 83.4% of captures were numerically dominant in almost all types of shops sampled, and were significantly different than Mus musculus; 16.5% of captures. Both species were found together in some shops while they were mostly trapped from the separate shops. Male rodents outnumbered the females.

Usando o padrão de distribuição de armadilhas vivas de malha de arame do Rattus rattus e Mus musculus em diferentes lojas de três distritos da região de Malakand, o Paquistão foi registrado de setembro de 2014 a outubro de 2015. No total, 103 roedores (Rattus rattus 86 e Mus musculus 17) foram pegos durante em 0,04 armadilha de sucesso (2448 noites de armadilha). A regressão das capturas diárias em capturas cumulativas revelou uma estimativa de 103 roedores de todas as estruturas amostradas, com uma média de 3,55 roedores por loja. R. rattus; 83,4% das capturas foram numericamente dominantes em quase todos os tipos de lojas da amostra e foram significativamente diferentes do Mus musculus; 16,5% das capturas. Ambas as espécies foram encontradas juntas em algumas lojas, enquanto estavam na maior parte presas em lojas separadas. Os roedores machos eram mais numerosos do que as fêmeas.

Investigation of rodent reservoirs of emerging pathogens in Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa

Background: One of the main health problems in West Africa remains upsurge of emerging pathogens. Ebola virus disease outbreak occurred in 2014 in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone, Monkeypox virus in Nigeria in 2017 and most recently Lassa virus in Nigeria, Togo and Benin in 2018. These pathogens have animal reservoirs as vectors for transmission. Proper investigation of the pathogens in their rodent vectors could help reduce and manage their emergence and spread. Methodology: This study was conducted with an approval from the Côte d'Ivoire Bioethics Community. Small mammal trappings were carried out in 9 sites within three zones namely, peri-urban, peri-rural and protected areas. Liver, lung and kidney tissues from trapped small mammals were sampled in accordance with the recommended conditions of biosafety and bioethics. The organs were transported in liquid nitrogen to the laboratory. Molecular tests were used to detect pathogens. Orthopoxviruses and Monkeypox virus were detected in the organs by PCR using consensus primers targeting the virus surface membrane haemagglutinin (HA) genes, while Leptospira species were detected by PCR using primers targeting the rrs and lfb1 genes. Results: Out of 4930 night-traps, 256 (5.19%) small mammals were trapped including Crocidura, Rattus, Lophuromys, Praomys, Mus and Mastomys. Leptospira species were detected in 6 genera from 7 study sites and the infected small mammals accounted for 13.3%. Leptospira sp was detected mainly in the rodent vector genera Rattus (32.3%), Lophuromys (29.0%), and Praomys (16.1%). Three species of Leptospira were detected and Leptospira interrogans was the most common frequent species (74.2%). Monkeypox virus was not detected from studied small mammals. Conclusion: The initial data from our investigation indicates the presence of Leptospira sp in rodent vectors, Rattus, Lophuromys and Praomys, which are the potential small mammalian reservoirs of this pathogen in Cote d'Ivoire.

Perfil das reclamações registradas acerca de roedores do Distrito Federal, Brasil / Profile of registered complaints about rodents of the Federal District, Brazil

Os animais sinantrópicos, dentre eles os roedores, contituem problema de saúde pública em áreas urbanizadas. Foi realizado levantamento das reclamações sobre roedores feitas para o setor de animais sinantrópicos da Diretoria de Vigilância Ambiental doDistrito Federal no intervalo entre 2014 e 2016. As solicitações atingiram o número de 10.232, sendo 4.429 em 2014, 4.368 e 1.429 nos respectivos anos subsequentes. A queda expressiva é decorrente da ausência de telefone no Órgão, se tratando da forma de comunicação mais utilizada para execução das solicitações. Quando relacionados a população das Regiões Administrativas com a quantidade de reclamações, houve relação, mas o mesmo não ocorreu com renda per capita e grau de escolaridade. 6.902 ocorrências foram em residências, justificadas pela população ansiando por desratização gratuita. Houve 11.901 casos confirmados de leptospirose no Brasil nos anos estudados. Destes, 82 ocorreram no DF. Mesmo que maiores os valores utilizados em programas de controle de roedores quando comparados a despesas com zoonoses transmitidas por esses animais, sendo custos diretos médicos, diretos não médicos, indiretos não mensuráveis, o bem-estar da sociedade deve ser destacado.

Synanthropic animals, including rodents, contain the public health problem in urbanized areas. A survey of rodent complaints made to the synanthropic animal sector of the Federal District Environmental Surveillance Directorate was carried out between 2014 and 2016. The occurrences reached 10,232, with 4,429 in 2014, 4,368 and 1,429 in subsequent years. The significant drop is due to the absence of a telephone in the Agency, being the most used form of communication for executing executions. When related to the population of the Administrative Regions with the number of complaints, there was a relationship, but the same did not occur with per capita income and education level. 6,902 occurrences were in homes, justified by the population yearning for free rat removal. There were 11,901 confirmed cases of leptospirosis in Brazil in the years studied. Of these, 82 occurred in the DF. Even though the values used in rodent control programs are higher when compared to expenses with zoonoses transmitted by these animals, being direct medical costs, non-medical direct costs, non-measurable indirect costs, society’s well-being must be highlighted.

Perfil das reclamações registradas acerca de roedores do Distrito Federal, Brasil / Profile of registered complaints about rodents of the Federal District, Brazil

Os animais sinantrópicos, dentre eles os roedores, contituem problema de saúde pública em áreas urbanizadas. Foi realizado levantamento das reclamações sobre roedores feitas para o setor de animais sinantrópicos da Diretoria de Vigilância Ambiental doDistrito Federal no intervalo entre 2014 e 2016. As solicitações atingiram o número de 10.232, sendo 4.429 em 2014, 4.368 e 1.429 nos respectivos anos subsequentes. A queda expressiva é decorrente da ausência de telefone no Órgão, se tratando da forma de comunicação mais utilizada para execução das solicitações. Quando relacionados a população das Regiões Administrativas com a quantidade de reclamações, houve relação, mas o mesmo não ocorreu com renda per capita e grau de escolaridade. 6.902 ocorrências foram em residências, justificadas pela população ansiando por desratização gratuita. Houve 11.901 casos confirmados de leptospirose no Brasil nos anos estudados. Destes, 82 ocorreram no DF. Mesmo que maiores os valores utilizados em programas de controle de roedores quando comparados a despesas com zoonoses transmitidas por esses animais, sendo custos diretos médicos, diretos não médicos, indiretos não mensuráveis, o bem-estar da sociedade deve ser destacado.

Synanthropic animals, including rodents, contain the public health problem in urbanized areas. A survey of rodent complaints made to the synanthropic animal sector of the Federal District Environmental Surveillance Directorate was carried out between 2014 and 2016. The occurrences reached 10,232, with 4,429 in 2014, 4,368 and 1,429 in subsequent years. The significant drop is due to the absence of a telephone in the Agency, being the most used form of communication for executing executions. When related to the population of the Administrative Regions with the number of complaints, there was a relationship, but the same did not occur with per capita income and education level. 6,902 occurrences were in homes, justified by the population yearning for free rat removal. There were 11,901 confirmed cases of leptospirosis in Brazil in the years studied. Of these, 82 occurred in the DF. Even though the values used in rodent control programs are higher when compared to expenses with zoonoses transmitted by these animals, being direct medical costs, non-medical direct costs, non-measurable indirect costs, society's well-being must be highlighted.

Papel de los roedores en la transmisión de Leptospira spp. en granjas porcinas / The role of rodents in the transmission of Leptospira spp. in swine farms

RESUMEN Diferentes especies de roedores son potenciales transmisores de múltiples agentes zoonóticos como Leptospira spp., espiroqueta causante de la Leptospirosis, que es una enfermedad infecciosa que tiene un impacto negativo en la porcicultura debido a que genera grandes pérdidas productivas, reproductivas y económicas. En las granjas porcinas, las especies de roedores más comunes son el ratón doméstico (Mus musculus), la rata parda (Rattus norvegicus) y la rata negra (Rattus rattus), que actúan como huéspedes de mantenimiento de diferentes serovares de Leptospira spp., contaminando con orina el ambiente, los alimentos y el agua, poniendo en riesgo la salud humana y animal. Por esta razón, el objetivo de este artículo es describir el papel de los roedores en la transmisión de Leptospira en granjas porcinas. Para esto, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en diferentes bases de datos como Science Direct, Scopus, Redalyc, PubMed y SciELO. Los resultados de la revisión de literatura, demuestran que son escasos los estudios que reportan la importancia de los roedores en la transmisión de Leptospira en granjas porcinas. La presentación de la enfermedad depende en gran parte de la presencia, el contacto y el control de roedores en las granjas, aunque también se deben tener en cuenta factores ambientales, de supervivencia del agente y las medidas de higiene, entre otros.(AU)

ABSTRACT Different species of rodents are potential transmitters of multiple zoonotic agents such as Leptospira spp., a spirochete that causes leptospirosis. This is an infectious disease that has a negative impact on pig production because it generates large productive, reproductive and economic losses. In swine farms, the most common rodent species are house mice (Mus musculus), brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) and black rats (Rattus rattus), which act as maintenance hosts for different serovars of Leptospira, contaminating the environment, food and water through urine, and putting human and animal health at risk. For this reason, the objective of this article is to describe the role of rodents in the transmission of Leptospira in swine farms. For this purpose, a bibliographic search was carried out in different databases such as Science Direct, Scopus, Redalyc, PubMed and SciELO. The results of the literature review show that there are few studies that report the importance of rodents in the transmission of Leptospira in swine farms. The onset of the disease depends to a large extent on the presence, contact and control of rodents in farms, although environmental factors, agent survival and hygiene, among others, must also be considered.(AU)

Zoonosis associated to Rattus rattus and the impacts of the public actions to control the species / Zoonoses associadas à Rattus rattus e os impactos das ações públicas de controle sobre a espécie

The occurrence of the black rat, Rattus rattus , in major Brazilian cities has increased in the recent years. To evaluate if the efforts of public rodent control have been reaching the species in the city of São Paulo, a survey was conducted in flooding areas using live trapping before and after implementation of the control program. Captures were carried out from 2009 to 2011, and animals were evaluated for their risk of zoonosis transmission. The number of R. rattus captured after control did not differ from the number of animals captured before the control program in the Spring/Summer season, but, in the Autumn/Winter season, effective control was observed. Low infestations of Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera) and Echinolaelaps echidninus (Acarina) were observed, and antibodies against Leptospira spp. were detected in just 1 of 65 serum samples. Ten out of 18 serum samples were sororeactive for Vaccinia virus, suggesting contact between R. rattus and the pathogen Calodium hepaticum (= Capillaria hepaticum ) (Nematoda) was found in the liver of 73.4% of captured R. rattus. In conclusion, R. rattus may not be effectively controlled by the rodent Control Program in the city of São Paulo, and represents a threat to human health, justifying permanent environmental management and educational programs.(AU)

A ocorrência do rato de telhado, Rattus rattus , nas grandes cidades brasileiras aumentou nos últimos anos. A fim de investigar se os esforços do controle público de roedores têm atingido essa espécie, foi conduzido um levantamento em áreas com risco de inundação na cidade de São Paulo, com armadilhas para captura viva dos roedores, antes e depois do controle público. O estudo foi realizado entre 2009 e 2011, e os animais capturados foram estudados para identificar seu risco como transmissores de zoonoses. O número de R. rattus capturados após o controle não diferiu entre o número de animais capturados antes do programa de controle, no período de primavera/verão, mas, no período de outono/inverno, foi observada efetividade do controle. Foram registradas infestações baixas de Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera) e Echinolaelaps echidninus (Acarina). Anticorpos contra Leptospira spp. foram detectados em apenas 1 das 65 amostras de soro. Dez entre 18 amostras de soro foram sororeativas para o vírus Vaccinia , sugerindo o contato entre R. rattus e o patógeno Calodium hepaticum (Nematoda) foi encontrado no fígado de 73,4% dos R. rattus capturados. Concluiu-se que R. rattus pode não ser controlado pelas ações propostas pelo Programa de Controle de Roedores na cidade de São Paulo e representa uma ameaça para a saúde humana, justificando permanentes programas de gestão ambiental e programas educacionais.(AU)

Reestruturação das ações de controle de roedores no município do Jaboatão dos Guararapes-PE / Restructuring of control of rodents in the city of Jaboatão Guararapes-PE

A vigilância Ambiental está cada vez mais inserida nas ações de saúde pelo controle dos animais, pelas intervenções no ambiente e principalmente pelo incremento nas ações educativas, envolvendo e conscientizando a população de seu importante papel para a modificação do ambiente e eficácia das ações da vigilância. Nesse contexto, temos como um grande desafio estabelecer o controle de roedores eficaz, visto que, a presença destes em áreas urbanas e rurais geram agravos econômicos e sanitários de grande relevância ao homem. Os roedores participam da cadeia epidemiológica de pelo menos trinta doenças transmitidas ao homem, sendo a leptospirose uma das mais importantes. No município do Jaboatão dos Guararapes em 2011, tivemos 28 casos de leptospirose confirmados com 05 óbitos e até o mês de agosto de 2012, tivemos 07 casos confirmados com 03 óbitos. O presente estudo visa elaborar um plano de intervenção para a reestruturação das ações de controle de roedores no município do Jaboatão dos Guararapes, utilizando-se não somente a pratica da aplicação de raticidas, como também a utilização de abordagens educativas e a integração com setores de limpeza urbana, infra-estrutura e obras, visando à diminuição da incidência de leptospirose e propiciando um ambiente mais saudável aos munícipes.

Plano de ação para o controle da leptospirose no zoológico municipal de Uberaba-MG / Plan of action for the leptospirosis control of the zoo municipal Uberaba-MG

Epizootias em animais Silvestres podem ter reflexos na saúde pública, sendo o ambiente de cativeiro um excelente modelo para fins de estudos de vigilância epidemiológica, principalmente da leptospirose. A participação de animais silvestres, essencialmente roedores, na cadeia da leptospirose é fato indiscutível. Em geral comportam-se como portadores permanentes de vários sorovares de Leptospira. A Leptospirose é uma enfermidade bacteriana de caráter zoonótico que afeta os animais domésticos, silvestres e o humano. Conforme o estudo retrospectivo da prevalência da Leptospira no Zoológico de Uberaba, dos animais estudados, 17 (12,98%) foram reagentes para presença de anticorpos contra Leptospira spp, com isso objetivou-se implantar o plano de ação contra roedores, salientando a participação de várias espécies animais como reservatórios do agente etiológico desta enfermidade, demonstrando as adaptações que o agente tem desenvolvido para manter-se viável na natureza.O estabelecimento de medidas para controle da leptospirose no Zoológico compreendeu vários aspectos, dentre eles o manejo integrado de praga e vetores, onde o enfoque foi o controle de roedores e a atividade educativa para a conscientização da população e funcionários. O combate aos roedores está relacionado, cada vez mais, ao conhecimento de sua biologia, hábitos, habilidades e capacidade física, bem como no meio ambiente onde estes animais estão localizados.

Epizootics in wild animals can have effects on public health and the environment in captivity an excellent model for studies of epidemiological surveillance, especially leptospirosis. The participation of wild animals, mainly rodents, in the chain of leptospirosis is indisputable fact. In general behave as permanent carriers of various serovars of Leptospira. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease of zoonotic character that affects domestic animals, wild and human. As the retrospective study of the prevalence of Leptospira in the Zoo of Uberaba the animals studied, 17 (12.98%) were positive for antibodies against Leptospira spp, thus aimed to implement the action plan against rodents, emphasizing the participation of various animal species as reservoirs of the etiologic agent of this disease, showing the changes that the agent is designed to remain viable natureza.O establish measures for control of leptospirosis at the zoo spread in several ways, among them the integrated pest and vector, where the focus was the control of rodents and educational activities to raise awareness of the population and staff. The fight against rodents is connected, increasingly, knowledge of its biology, habits, skills and physical ability, as well as the environment where these animals are located

Norma técnica de salud para la vigilancia, prevención y control de la peste en el Perú. R.M. Nº 684-2010/2010 / Health standards for surveillance, prevention and control of the pest in Peru. R.M. No. 684-2010/2010

El presente documento describe los criterios técnicos para el disgnóstico de laboratorio, la vigilancia epidemiológica y el control de reservorios y vectores de peste. Asimismo, establece las estrategias de intervención en promoción y comunicación en salud frente al riesgo de peste

Efficacy of two rodenticides against leishmania reservoir host rat [psammomys obesus] in the rural area of Al-ahsa oasis, Saudi Arabia

Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis [ZCL] is a serious and increasing public health problem in many parts of Saudi Arabia. Rodent control operations are effective in destroying rodents and reducing the incidence of disease. This study tested the efficacy of zinc phosphide and fenacoum against the reservoir host Psammomys obesus rat. The results showed that both the rodenticides were significantly [P<0.01] effective in reducing the number of active holes during one year of application

Helminthes of synanthropic rodents [rodentia: muridae] from Dakahlia and Menoufia, Egypt

A cross-sectional survey was conducted to monitor and compare the prevalence of helminthes in rodents from Dakahlia and Menoufia governorates. The domestic rodents [271] were Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus frugivorous, Rattus r. alexandrinus, and Mus musculus. The overall prevalence of helminthes was 52.8%. In Dakahlia, 72/145 rats [49.6%] were infected. The highest prevalence of infection was in R. r. frugivorous 43 [60.4%], then R. r. alexandrinus 44 [47.7%], R. norvegicus 38 [44.7%], and the lowest was M. musculus 20 [40%]. In Menoufia, 71/126 rats [56.3%] were infected. The highest prevalence of infection was in R, r. frugivorous 36 [77.7%], then M. musculus 27 [48.1%], R. norvegicus 23 [47.8%], and the lowest was in R. r. alexandrinus 40 [47.5%]. A total of 24 species of helminthes [11 trem-atodes, 4 cestodes and 10 nematodes] were identified among the 271 rodents. The commonest trematode was Mesostephanus aegypticus followed by Stictodora tridactyla. The commonest cestode was Hym-enolepis diminuta followed by Taenia taeniaformis. The commonest nematode was Capillaria hepatica followed by Trichurus muris. Given the zoonotic potential of rodents' parasites and since several residential, commercial, and agricultural sites exist in the examined geographic areas, the potential health risk should not be ignored

Antifertility effect of Melia azedarach Linn. (dharek) seed extract in female albino rats.

In the present study, the effect of oral administration of Melia azedarach Linn. (dharek) seed extract on fertility index, uterine weight and various histological and biochemical parameters of uterus were studied in the adult cyclic Wistar rats. Average number of embryos and implantation losses in the pregnant animals treated with dharek seed extract was also studied. The extract was prepared using a flash evaporator at 35 degrees C and dissolved in olive oil to prepare doses on per kg body weight basis. The results indicated a reduction in fertility index and average number of embryos in mated rats treated with the dharek extract. Pre-implantation, post-implantation and total prenatal mortalities were increased in rats treated with dharek seed extract during early (D1-D7) and late (D7-D18) stages of gestation period at doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg kg(-1) body wt day(-1). Histological studies showed a significant reduction in myometrial thickness, uterine gland diameter, luminal diameter of uterine glands and luminal epithelial cell height in rats treated with dharek seed extract at 1mg kg(-1) body wt day(-1) for 18 days. Pits and folds in luminal epithelial, mitotic activity in luminal and glandular epithelial cells of uterus were observed to be absent. Biochemically, a significant increase in protein and glycogen contents was observed. Thus, in conclusion, the application of this plant extract in rodent control programme may help to elevate the socioeconomic status of the society.